Essay on Computer Crime Technology and Cyberspace

A major part of the world today revolves around technology and cyberspace. Almost every day one will use a type of computer in some way, whether it is work related or if it is for personal use such as social networking. Another thing occurring on a daily basis is criminals committing either trivial or major crimes; so it is not hard to imagine that these two actions would start to syndicate into one. Cyber-crime is defined as â€Å"unauthorized use of a computer for personal gain† (Dictionary.com), but the true depth of the definition is so much deeper. Anyone can be affected by cyber-crime, it can affect personal computer users all the way to massive corporations. There are many government agencies trying to get control of this growing†¦show more content†¦When one is browsing the internet, he or she should be aware of which types of websites are popular for cyber-crimes. Three of the main threats come from websites where things are purchased and sold, social media w ebsites, and email websites. The first two mentioned involve a combination of crimes coming from unauthorized access to computer systems or networks and theft of information contained in electronic form (Dashora 245). Email websites are targeted in more ways though. Many cyber-criminals will attack one through his or her email. A few ways they can do this are email bombing, virus/ worm attacks, and Trojan attacks. Email bombing is when the criminal sends a massive amount of emails to the target, and the end result is his or her computer crashing (Dashora 245). Viruses and Trojan attacks are ones that attach to a file the user thinks is safe, and after the user opens the file the virus or Trojan goes on to destroy the computer (Dashora 245). All of these types of crime are very well hidden, and computer users need to be aware of what is out there so they can remain protected. The other type of cyber-crime is cyber-victimization. Cyber-victimization includes anything from cyber-bullin g all the way to cyber-stalking. Many of the criminals involved in this type of crime are ones which the victim most likely knows, but since it is over the internet the victim is unaware because it can be done anonymously (Gradinger 229). The ways one can go about stoppingShow MoreRelatedCyber Threat, Its Scope And Its Impact On National Security991 Words   |  4 PagesCyberspace which is an offshoot for the development of computer and digital communication technologies, has in recent decades become part and parcel of our daily lives. It has become an ideal source for cyber criminals to remain active while preying on victims. Higher the number of cyberspace users’, higher is the opportunities for exploitation. So it is the need of the hour to protect our computers, networks, digital applications and our data from unintended or unauthorized source, change or destructionRead MoreEssay on The Internent Grows More Dangerous1048 Words   |  5 Pages As the internet grows vastl y the more dangerous it becomes to its users. With the new advances in technology cyberspace fraud has been increasing. These new advances have made the internet vulnerable to various kinds of e-commerce fraud. New techniques to detect and prevent cyber fraud have been developed to discover and prevent criminals before the fact, rather than after the damage have been done. Individuals and businesses should recognize each new cyber attack and make themselves aware of theRead MoreCyber Bullying And Cyber Crime1607 Words   |  7 Pagescreation of the internet. As a result, cyber technology and cyberspace are major areas of interest for citizens and lawmakers all over the world† Governments face enormous strife when it comes to creating legislation to technological offences in the law as technology is developed at a fast rate and therefore preventative legislation to cyber crime is rarely made before these issues have happened. These issues that relate to the individual in cyber space are cyber bullying, cyber stalking, online predatorsRead MoreCyber Security Is A Growing Concern For Governments Around The World1296 Words   |  6 PagesCyber Security is a growing concern for governments around the world. Cyber-attacks pose a direct threat to the security of the nations’ critical infrastructures and Information Technologies (IT) as a low-cost asymmetric warfare element. Most of these nations are aware of the vulnerability of the information technologies and the significance of protecting critical infrastructures. To counteract the threat of potentially disastrous cyber-attacks, nations’ policy makers are increasingly pondering onRead MoreCyber Law1506 Words   |  7 Pagesconsequences of cyberspace. The growth rate of cyberspace has been enormous. Internet is growing rapidly and with the population of Internet doubling roughly every 100 days, Cyberspace is becoming the new preferred environment of the world.With the spontaneous and almost ph enomenal growth of cyberspace, new and ticklish issues relating to various legal aspects of cyberspace began cropping up. In response to the absolutely complex and newly emerging legal issues relating to cyberspace, CYBERLAW or theRead MoreUnderstanding Technology in Neuromancer886 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Technology in Neuromancer Neuromancer, written by William Gibson in 1984, is a novel well ahead of its time. The book predicted many concepts about the internet and cyberspace that exist today. Neuromancer, of the prophetic genre, is a novel that accurately describes and predicts what will happen in the future. Characteristics of the prophetic novel include: dystopian societies, technologies, and progressive thinking. Neuromancer is considered a prophetic novel because it containsRead MoreThe Internet And Its Effects On The Environment1538 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Cyberspace has allowed people around the world to be interconnected each other to exchange ideas, services, or friendship. The development of technology and information systems has brought numerous advantages in various sectors of life including government, industry, banking, commerce, and so on. Consequently, there is a growing dependency on the utilization of the information technology. Canada along with the other developed countries has increasingly relying on internet services andRead MoreCyberspace Of Business Ethics Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesThe cyber world has become a most important part of our everyday lives. We spend an increasingly significant portion of our lives in it and use it to communicate with friends, acquaintances, loved ones, and business associates. We make use of our computers and Internet connectivity to look for and purchase all kinds of goods and services. We use the web and all its powerful resources to educate ourselves and to gain knowledge. We are able to look for, join and keep up with special interest groups andRead MoreHow Technology Is Constantly Evolving And We Are Too With It953 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology is constantly evolving and we are too with it. We incorporate technology into our everyday lives to make them easier, provide entertain or be able to connect with one another. Arguably, no creation has made this more possible than Cyberspace. Prior to the twenty first century cyberspace was thought to be in the realm of science fiction, until a couple decades later technological breakthroughs brought it to existence. From that point on it has become essential to personal and global infrastructureRead MoreThe Threat Of Criminal Activity1259 Words   |  6 Pagessociety depends upon computers to produce, store, retrieve, manage information and surf the Internet. Technology is an integral piece of society and is embedded in every part of the daily workings of human existence. In the United States, there are approx imately 239,893,600 Internet users (Internet World Stats [IWS], 2010) and globally there are 2,095,006,005 (IWS, 2011). This more than quadruples the amount of crimes that are committed online. As people continue to use computers and the Internet globally

Copyright vs. the Right to Copy Essay - 2188 Words

Copyright vs. the Right to Copy Todays digital technology and the computer have changed how the average consumer can acquire information and entertainment. No longer do we have to wait for the CD to hear a new song, or the release date to watch a movie. The technology is available on our home computers. But is this an infringement on copyright? What about the rights of artists, authors, producers, or actors? Has our technology progressed so far that it infringes on these peoples livings? It is only a matter of time before laws are passed regarding Internet use. Are we ready to give up the freedom we have had up to this point? In her essay The Digital Rights War, Pamela Samuelson states that The new future of technically protected†¦show more content†¦The Mp3 player is digital and will hold a certain number of songs on a chip inside it. When the chip is full you can buy a new one or record over the old one. Sony just came out with a product called The Memory Stick this year. They plan to use it with their MP3 players as well as digital cameras, and other products in the future. It is a memory chip that is compatible between the products, so you only need one format of memory if you use their products. The CD Rom and CD Rom-rewritable are also popular products. These hook up to your computer and allow you to copy files or anything you want off your computer. According to Pamela Samuelson the possibility exists that all this could soon change. In her essay, she refers to a white paper that was issued by the Clinton administration in 1995. I did some further research on this white paper and found a summary on line. It is actually a report on Intellectual Property rights written by the Information Infrastructure Task Force. Basically there is a committee appointed by the White House that is looking into fairly regulating the balance between artists rights and the consumer. According to the summary Technology has altered the copyright balance-in some instances in favor of copyright owners and in others, in favor of users. The goal of the recommendations is to clarify existing law and adapt it where the balance has shifted. (Intellectual Property and theShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property : Any New Creative Work Of Human Brain Or Company1485 Words   |  6 Pagesintellectual property of various individuals. U.S congress and justices courts have introduced various laws such as U.S. Copyrights Protection Acts, Software Patent Act, Digital millennium acts.., All of this laws exclusively protect the intellectual property of various individuals. For example U.S. Copyright act gives the copyright owners the exclusive right like ïÆ'Ëœ Making more copies of their work. ïÆ'Ëœ Selling licenses for individuals for private use(in-case of software s). ïÆ'Ëœ Public use or display ofRead MoreA Study On An Online Course1215 Words   |  5 Pagesphotographs from some out-of- print books for use by a professor on his course web site for an online course. Scenario 2: The semester has started and some students have not received their textbook, so one student makes electronic copies of the textbook and distributes the copies to others in the course. He does not collect any money from his classmates. The above scenarios both take place in an educational environment, which immediately calls fair use to mind. Fair use allows for a copyrighted workRead More Napster: The Copyright Battle Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pagescourse, they wanted to share one of our most valued pleasures, our love of music. 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Before digitalizationRead MoreCopyright Laws And Copyright Law1306 Words   |  6 Pages1422047 Existing Copyright Law Introduction Copyright law is a part of not only music but many other products for example the software that you are reading this document on has more than likely got copyright protection. But for the purpose of this Document the main topic of copyright is going to be based around music. Here is a few facts that may give you a better understanding of copyright as you read... †¢ Copyright Law Came into existence as a spur from a concept from the â€Å"statute of AnneRead MoreCopyright Of Copyright And Copyright1437 Words   |  6 PagesCopyright policy violations have been a major talking point in the media in recent years. Copyright concerns largely grew in the early 2000’s due to a popular music sharing program called LimeWire. LimeWire allowed people to illegally download, or pirate, the music they were interesting in listening to for free. 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It protects the right of the creator of something ofRead MoreEthical Computing: Copying Music or Software from Another Person or over the Internet1338 Words   |  5 Pagesdriving a level of expertise with computer users globally that give them the opportunity to capture, distribute, duplicate and even re-publish massive amounts of intellectual property that isnt theirs (Wilson, 2007). This is forcing the issue of copyright infringement and the protection of intellectual property at a global scale. In so doing, this dynamics is also re-ordering ethics surrounding all forms of digital content as well. Opening Statements The combined effects of the freemium businessRead MoreEssay The Church of Scientology: Copyright vs. Free Speech1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe Church of Scientology: Copyright vs. Free Speech Abstract: In 1995, the Church of Scientology sued a number of parties, including the Washington Post, in an attempt to prevent the circulation of secret documents about the â€Å"religion.† This paper examines both sides of this issue, explores the implications to copyright law and the First Amendment, and describes the actual results of the case. The Church of Scientology is a global organization with over 270 churches or missions worldwideRead MoreYou Decide: Laws 310 Week 3 Essay787 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the (Defendant) Bobby Bandleader, for alleged copyright abuse of the song â€Å"Happy Birthday to You†. The (Plaintiff) Johnny Singstealer is the copyright holder to the said song. 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Succubus Heat CHAPTER 13 Free Essays

string(51) " go ask Erik if you’re too nervous about it\." Hearing Cedric assure me I couldn’t die lifted a huge weight off my shoulders. I left the Cellar with much less anxiety, though I still had no intention of doing anything that might test how exactly we’d heal from decapitation. So, while I still operated with caution, I no longer felt suffocated or threatened by every aspect of the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Heat CHAPTER 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rather than go home, I drove down to Dante’s shop. His store/apartment was in Rainier Valley, on the southeast side of Seattle. He had no regularly posted hours for his assorted â€Å"psychic† services, but he would usually hang around there at night if he had nothing else to do. It tended to be the time drunk people or couples out on dates (or high teens) would wander in looking for fun and novelty. Daytime business hours didn’t generally bring out that many who were seeking help from the divine unless, perhaps, it was someone seeking advice on stock trading. Dante had no customers tonight, however. The shop and its flickering neon sign seemed sad and lonely. I pushed through the unlocked door and found him leaning against the checkout counter, leafing through a copy of Maxim . â€Å"What gives?† I asked. â€Å"Your subscription to Frauds and Scams Weekly run out?† He glanced up at me with a smile, flipping black hair out of his face. â€Å"Just needed something pretty to look at since I didn’t know when I’d be seeing you again.† I planted a kiss on his cheek. â€Å"Holy shit. That’s the sweetest thing you’ve ever said to me.† â€Å"Yeah, well, I can make some filthy sexual suggestions to you if you’d prefer.† â€Å"What, and ruin foreplay for next time?† This made his grin grow, and he shut the magazine. â€Å"To what do I owe the pleasure? Shouldn’t you be visiting our neighbors to the north? Or is that done? I honestly can’t keep track.† â€Å"Well. About that.† God, how I was going to explain what had happened? Had all of this seriously happened in just one day? It felt like a year had gone by since I got woozy in the car. â€Å"Something strange happened today.† â€Å"Strange like you sold out of Jane Austen books at the store or strange like the rules of time and space as we know them are about to be ripped apart?† â€Å"Mmm†¦more like that last one.† â€Å"Shit.† I took a deep breath, figuring I should just get the big stuff out of the way. â€Å"There’s no easy way to put this, but†¦I’m not a succubus anymore.† â€Å"I never believed you were a succubus.† I groaned. That had been an old joke between us when we’d first met. Oh, the irony. â€Å"I’m serious,† I said. â€Å"No more succubus. And Jerome’s disappeared too, possibly opening up Seattle to a new demonic reign.† Dante stared at me, eyes speculative as he assessed me for the truth. He was speechless for the first time I’d known him. Not waiting for more witty commentary, I plunged forward. I explained about the summoning, what it had done to all of us lesser immortals, how demons everywhere were now sizing up Seattle, and why I needed to find Jerome as soon as possible. When I finally finished, it took Dante several moments to gather his thoughts. â€Å"So†¦you’ve seriously lost your succubus powers?† â€Å"Abilities,† I corrected. â€Å"And yes, I have. Are you saying that after all that other stuff I just told you about the balance of power in Seattle, my succubus status is what caught your attention the most?† He shrugged. â€Å"You gotta admit it’s weird. Besides, that other stuff doesn’t affect me. You do.† His eyes narrowed. â€Å"Am I going to have to use a condom now?† â€Å"What? No. Of course not.† â€Å"You sure?† â€Å"You’ve never batted an eye over me stealing pieces of your soul these last few months, but the nonexistent threat of child support suddenly scares you?† â€Å"Well, yeah, seeing as my bank account’s got more in it than my soul.† I glanced around the shabby room. â€Å"Debatable.† â€Å"Cute,† he conceded. â€Å"But I’d be asking a few more questions about all of this if I were you. Like, can you die?† â€Å"I already asked that one,† I said smugly. â€Å"And the answer is no. Our immortal bodies are still essentially the same. We’re just cut off from all the perks.† I hoped he didn’t ask about decapitation because I honestly wasn’t in the mood to debate that. â€Å"Okay, so what do you want from me?† he asked. â€Å"What makes you think I want anything?† He looked at me. â€Å"Okay, maybe I do want something. But come on, who else would know more about this stuff than you?† â€Å"Who knows more about demons? Hmm, let me think. I know. How about the demons you work for , the ones who are all-powerful and have been around since the beginning of time?† â€Å"They’re not all-powerful. Otherwise they wouldn’t need a human for the summoning-or end up getting summoned in the first place. And that’s what I need you for. There can’t be that many humans in the area capable of doing this, are there? You have to know who they are.† Dante opened his mouth, no doubt with a snappy reply ready, and then abruptly closed it. â€Å"I don’t know,† he said slowly. â€Å"I don’t keep track of those things.† I leaned toward him, incredulous. â€Å"Of course you do! Do you not want to tell me? Why?† He sighed, his hesitant expression turning typically annoyed. â€Å"Because those kinds of people get pissed off if you start advertising their names.† â€Å"What, you’re afraid they’re going to come beat you up?† â€Å"No. Not exactly. But there’s sort of†¦a professional courtesy in these circles.† â€Å"I’ll be discreet. I won’t tell them where I got the information.† â€Å"Most of them already know we’re together. They’d figure it out. They keep an eye on those kinds of things.† He turned considering. â€Å"Of course, in that same vein, a lot of them know you as a succubus and might just think you knew through your own connections.† He still seemed hesitant, so I played a mean card. â€Å"Well, I can always go ask Erik if you’re too nervous about it. You read "Succubus Heat CHAPTER 13" in category "Essay examples"† Erik was another mortal in town who dealt with the occult and paranormal. Unlike Dante, who was a practitioner, Erik simply studied and built up knowledge of the magical undercurrents in the city. He had a psychic’s gifts and was attuned to what most human eyes didn’t see. Sometimes he could even see what immortals couldn’t. He and Dante had an old, old grudge and didn’t enjoy being around each other, to put it mildly. My attempt to bait Dante didn’t work, though. â€Å"Don’t even try it, succubus. Making me jealous of the old man won’t make me help you.† I looked up at him pleadingly. â€Å"What will make you help me?† He traced the outline of my lips with his fingertip, gray eyes wicked and thoughtful. â€Å"Not sure it’s anything you can do while cut off from your super-secret powers. You’re not a sex goddess anymore.† â€Å"Hey, I don’t need super-secret powers to be a sex goddess.† Just then, three twentysomethings stumbled in, staring wide-eyed at the shop as they tried to stifle nervous giggles. They undoubtedly had the same kind of potential that high teens did. I gave Dante one last frantic plea. â€Å"Please? Just give me the names. You don’t have to do anything else. And I won’t say anything. I swear it.† Dante scowled, glanced at me, at the potential customers, and then back at me. He told them he’d be with them in a minute and then hastily jotted four names down on a scrap of paper. Two of them I recognized. â€Å"Thank you,† I said. I beamed, and to my surprise, something in his cynical expression softened a little. â€Å"God, that smile,† he muttered. â€Å"You might just be right.† â€Å"About what?† â€Å"You really don’t need any powers to be a sex goddess. Your hair’s a little messy, though.† He walked around the counter and gave me a quick half-hug. â€Å"Be safe, succubus. Don’t test the limits of that not-dying thing.† â€Å"And buy some condoms?† I teased. He shrugged. â€Å"You’re the one who was having prophetic dreams about having kids a little while ago.† Turning away from me, he put on his jovial con-man persona and beckoned the group over with pitches about palms and Tarot. He’d spoken the words in a light, off-hand kind of way, but as I slowly walked back to my car, they slapped me in the face. Prophetic dreams†¦ Nyx’s dreams. The things she’d shown me during that time had been so vivid that they seemed almost more real than my own life. The thing is, by almost all accounts, Nyx had a grasp on the future and could show people things that would happen to them. That was how she spread chaos in the world, by showing people these visions and making them think they knew how their futures would unfold. Unfortunately, while the visions came true, they never came true the way their victims thought they would. She’d led a lot of people to their deaths that way. Nonetheless, it seemed fairly clear that the dreams she’d sent to me had been distractions, not destructive images of what would come. In my visions, she’d shown me-over and over-with a daughter, waiting for a man I loved to come home. The dreams had consumed me, almost making me want to sleep and have my energy taken each night. As I’d noted while holding Kayla, there was no way any piece of the vision could ever happen to me. I couldn’t have any sort of relationship like that. And I certainly couldn’t have a daughter, not of my own blood. Immortals didn’t reproduce. When I’d sold my soul for immortality and shape-shifting, I’d given up certain aspects of my humanity. There could be no child for me. Not ever. And yet†¦ I came to a stop on the sidewalk, still about a block away from my car. What if Dante had inadvertently stumbled onto something? What if being in this stasis had altered that piece of me that had lost the ability to conceive? Cedric had said I was still technically immortal, but he’d also said my body would respond and heal like a human’s. What all did that entail? Would unprotected sex lead to conception? Is that what Nyx’s visions had been pointing to? She’d sworn she’d shown me the truth. Had she? I was breathing fast again, though at least this time, I knew I didn’t have to worry about giving myself a heart attack. Okay. I needed to calm down. This pregnancy possibility was as distracting as the hooking-up-with-Seth possibility. I’d never get anything accomplished if I lost myself in fantasies. With a sigh, I glanced down at Dante’s piece of paper, now crumpled in my hand. I’d clenched it into a ball without even realizing it as I walked. I’d been too preoccupied to even notice†¦ Babies and Seth. The things I wanted most. I forced myself to keep moving toward my car. But as I unlocked the door, I had to wonder ruefully if maybe I shouldn’t be so quick to get Jerome back after all. I started following up on Dante’s leads the next morning. Leaving my place was a little harder than I’d expected, though. Despite the fact I got ready plenty of mornings without shape-shifting, my closet seemed terribly small. And while my hair seemed fine when I finished it, I had a feeling it’d be frizzy the next time I checked the mirror. The only bright part was when I found Dante’s watch under the bed. I thought I’d lost it yesterday, so at least my accessories collection was still respectable. Nonetheless, I had a feeling I was soon going to discover just how much I’d come to rely on my abilities. Locating addresses from Dante’s list of names required a little sleuthing here and there, but for the most part, I didn’t have much difficulty finding them. Unfortunately, once found, these magicians weren’t exactly helpful. One of the ones I visited knew me. She was familiar with Hell’s local servants, and while she gave me a small degree of respect, she was as hesitant to answer questions as Dante had insinuated. Two of the other names were people who didn’t know me, and that immediately created a problem. With my succubus powers shut off, I had no immortal signature, and both of these people were the types who could sense that. Me coming in and claiming to be a succubus was met with scorn and disbelief. I managed to glean some information from them but nothing of any use. Equally difficult was that not only could they not sense me, I couldn’t sense them. Admittedly, a succubus didn’t have the same ability to gauge human power the way a full-fledged demon could, but I could occasionally sense magic around a person or object. Today, I was completely blind. I had to rely on my strength to read people, but these dark magicians were as good at cons as Dante. They were well-versed in the art of concealing the truth. It was almost noon by the time I visited the last name, a guy named Greg. I felt pretty discouraged by this point and even cracked and had a cigarette along the way. Greg had no storefront like Dante and mostly worked his spells out of his house, a small bungalow in Wallingford. When he answered the door, his disheveled state told me I’d woken him up. On the bright side, he recognized me, which meant I wouldn’t have to convince him I was a succubus. â€Å"What do you want?† he asked suspiciously. He was built big and could have had an impressive physique if he’d ever gone to the gym. It was obvious he hadn’t. â€Å"I wanted to talk to you about demon summoning.† â€Å"I don’t know anything about it.† He started to shut the door. I stuck my foot out to block it. â€Å"Wait. Do you know anyone who would?† â€Å"No. And even if I did, what makes you think I’d tell you?† He tried to close the door again, then paused. He narrowed his already too-small eyes at me. â€Å"There’s something weird about you. No aura.† I didn’t answer right away. â€Å"Maybe you’re losing your touch.† This actually brought a small smile. â€Å"Not likely. What happened? Who got summoned?† â€Å"No one. And even if they did, what makes you think I’d tell you?† I mimicked. He laughed, a guttural sound that came from low in his throat. When the laughter faded, he studied me for several long seconds, face cunning and speculative. â€Å"Okay. I’ll talk to you.† He pushed the door open. â€Å"Come on in.† I gingerly stepped into his living room. The place was a disaster. Dirty dishes were piled on the coffee table, the remains of food hardened and crusty. Dust coated every piece of furniture, and the wood floor looked like it hadn’t been swept since the last century. Uneasily, I wondered if my new humanlike body was susceptible to germs. Several books were piled on the couch, their covers meant to look sinister in shades of black and red with drawings of pentagrams. It put me in mind of Evan’s faux Satanic accoutrements, though as hard as it was to believe, Evan had a thousand times more class than this guy. Greg offered me neither a chair nor refreshments, which was fine by me. He stood in front of me, arms crossed. â€Å"Well? What do you want to know?† â€Å"I want to know if you’ve done any demon summoning lately.† â€Å"Not that any demons have been summoned, of course.† â€Å"This is speculative,† I replied with a simpering smile. I studied as much of his home as I could while I spoke. Beyond him, I could see an equally messy kitchen with a gas stove and magnet-covered refrigerator. â€Å"You think if I’d summoned a demon, I’d be living like this? Fuck, I’d have plasma-screen TVs and concubines.† I recalled the discussion with my friends, noting that any human who’d summoned Jerome would simply keep the demon hidden and not use it for personal gain and errands. Still, if Greg had summoned Jerome on behalf of another demon, there would have been some reward involved. Maybe it wouldn’t entail TVs or concubines, but it seemed like there’d be some sign of a windfall here. Maybe he’d gotten a Swiss bank account. â€Å"Okay. You know anyone who recently acquired concubines?† â€Å"Nope. But I can give you some names of people who’d be more likely.† He listed two of the magicians I’d already visited. â€Å"I’ve talked to them.† â€Å"Sorry. Not my problem.† My eyes returned to the books on the couch. I stepped toward them. â€Å"May I?† â€Å"Knock yourself out.† I picked up one of the books, skimming through it in hopes of finding information about summoning. Nope. It was fluffy â€Å"evil† stuff, exactly like the Army of Darkness’ propaganda. The second book proved the same. The third, however, was a legitimate spell book, filled with the kind of dark rites Dante practiced. Hopeful, I flipped through the pages one by one. It had some vile contents, but there was nothing about summoning. Greg’s willingness to let me browse the books should have been a tip-off that they contained nothing of use. â€Å"All done?† I jerked around. Greg’s voice was close to me-too close. I’d had my back to him while checking out the books, but now he was right behind me. I took a few steps back and bumped the couch. â€Å"Yeah,† I said nervously. â€Å"Thanks for the help. I should leave now.† â€Å"Not yet,† he said, moving closer. â€Å"You just got here.† I tried to wriggle off to the side, but his hands suddenly reached out and grabbed a hold of my arms, pinning me into place. â€Å"What are you doing?† I demanded. There went my heart rate again. â€Å"I don’t know what’s going on with all this summoning stuff, but I do know there’s a succubus here who doesn’t feel like a succubus anymore, which probably means you can’t fight like one.† I tried to break from his grasp, but his hands were like steel. â€Å"You’re crazy. Of course I’m a succubus. You know I am.† â€Å"Yeah? Then shape-shift away from me. Turn into a bird. Turn into a bodybuilder.† I clenched my teeth and tried to shake his hold again. â€Å"Let me go, you son of a bitch. You hurt me, and a whole host of demons are going to show up and rip you limb from limb.† â€Å"Not so sure about that,† he chuckled. â€Å"This is a once-in-a-lifetime chance. You think any succubus would fuck someone like me?† He shoved me down onto the couch, one strong arm pinning me in place while the other hand fumbled awkwardly under my shirt and grabbed a hold of my breast. Moving his head close, he tried to press his lips against mine, but I turned my head just in time. â€Å"Let me go!† I screamed. I managed to wriggle a leg free and knee him in the gut. It wasn’t enough to free me, but it made him scowl. I’d worried about getting hit by cars, meteors, and structurally unsound overpasses. Never, never had I thought about being raped. It hadn’t been a fear of mine for centuries, not since I realized I could shape-shift into someone larger and stronger, someone capable of throwing off any assailant. Maybe it shouldn’t have bothered me so much. I’d had sex with plenty of people I didn’t like over the years. I’d always grimaced and waited it out. But there was something about this that was different. It wasn’t my choice, and compounding it all was the feeling of helplessness I had. I hated not having options. I hated not being able to think my way out of something. There was nothing to be done, though. Not this time. The most I could do was keep struggling and flailing. I did have some self-defense training, after all. I’d learned to use weapons and punch over the years. I’d nailed Niphon pretty good at Christmas. Unfortunately, what I could do now was limited with Greg on me like this. He simply outweighed me. Still, my efforts must have proven annoying because Greg growled and grabbed both my arms in an attempt to flip me over. I yelled profanities at him and got another knee-jab in, close to his groin but not close enough. And that’s when it happened. The smell hit me first. An overwhelming and suffocating odor of natural gas. I stopped struggling for half a second. I didn’t need to be human to know that meant trouble. Before I could process that further, the kitchen exploded into flames. Fire expanded out into the living room. It didn’t quite reach us, but I think Greg must have still gotten burned because he screamed in pain and released his hold on me. His body had shielded the worst from me, and mostly all I felt was a rolling wave of heat and air. I didn’t bother to think or question anything. Greg had released me in his confusion, and I bolted. I scrambled from the couch and ran out the front door, away from the fire. Away from Greg. I drove off as fast as I could, my Passat’s tires squealing on the pavement. Sweat poured off me, and my hands could barely grip the steering wheel through their shaking. About a mile away, I heard the singing of sirens, but I couldn’t spare a thought for what had happened. I couldn’t think about whether Greg had made it out or not. I couldn’t think about how a gas leak had miraculously saved me. The only thing I could think about now was getting away and getting to safety. How to cite Succubus Heat CHAPTER 13, Essay examples

Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication. Answer: Introduction This report is prepared on the topic-effective communication and it is an important point as through effective communication message can be delivered by anyone and can be induced and message can be delivered to other to inform them. Importance is given to the communication skills and the skills must be improved at a better level so this will help in personal and professional. By this process, communication silks can be improved. In addition to this by the support of five diagnostic tools analysis the communication skills and also try to found the two error by which the progress of the communication skills are limit and the due to this reasons not having the confidence while giving the presentations and the interviews and due to this not having the confidence of express the thoughts. In addition to this with the help of literature review, it gives the full knowledge so with the support of the knowledge communication skills can be improved. In this report with the help of action plan, some actions can occur such as taking the short course, with the help of mentor communication skills can be improved and by reading the plans. In this report, we will discuss the diagnostic tools such as a - interview skills checklist, Assertiveness questionnaires, Johari window, communication style questionnaire and the interpersonal commutation; with the help of these tools, communication skills can be examined. In addition to this method can be tough for the communication skills related the progress of my strengths and weakness. In the Johari window, different types of communication skills can be directly used. By analysing the communication skills through this technique, I evaluated that I have a better understanding of the verbal and non-verbal communication(Solomon, 2012). Some of the areas are hidden which can be easily known to us and not for others such as having the sharp ability for the emotions based talk that is in their tone. In the blind area quadrant, condition the communication skills, some of these which of not aware of it and the others also not aware of this such as having the capacity of decode the nonv erbal prompt. In this quadrant some of the aspects are unknown and it needs the better skills to improve the communication with the help of the cultural group. In this, the questions raised by this only the communication style of the individual can be improved; and this method is more suitable. In this having the score of 9 out of 18 it makes the leading style. As, some of the people which are amiable have examined themselves such as dependable, agreeable, supportive and respectful by the only individuals can make the concentration in their present( Shultz, 2016). The Amiable people such as me and others may involve personal, friendly, orderly and relaxed by this if an individual may get frustrated or may be confused or not communicate easily in these formal setting such as presentations and interviews. In context to amiable communication skills, the model of this may be not so impressive at a time, it also needs an accurate and up to date work and even the good listener also become harmful. I this Dominant style matches by this only individual can measure the performance. In this report, another method is assertiveness questionnaires this method is mostly used for examining the communication skills of the individual skills. In this scoring, the points 12 out of 15 it may be the passive attitude scale of individual one. In this having any pressure then also the individual may not become the rudely(Russell Cohn, 2012). As a result of it, this type of attitude restricts the valuable the communication skills this mainly useful when while giving the presentation in groups or while communicating with the seniors this method is very effective. Another method is Interpersonal communication it is the most important point in which it noticed that how individual communicated with others. In this, the scoring score of the individual is 71 out of the 90points. By this scoring rate, it can be assumed that how the individual is capable of being a communicator(O'Toole, 2016). The soring rate of 71 is also better an individual has to pay attention to the interpersonal communication skills and also needs the more improvements in their skills. In this training is must need while improving the communication skills. In this Interview skills checklist is a diagnostic tool by which only individual skills can be features at the time of interviews. In addition to this with the help of these diagnostic tools, it is a major aspect it helps in finding out the stressed and the nervousness while facing the interviews even the individual prepared well for the interviews. In this individual may be getting nervous while giving the answers to the qu estions asked in the interviews and even having the full preparation at the time of interview due to this individual may get confused while facing the interviews. In this with the help of these tools individual may solve their issues of communication skills such as difficulties face while expressing their ideas while giving the professional interviews and the presentations even they may be nervous and panic(Barker, 2016). Another reason is the not having them so much confidence while presenting the presentation and also in interviews. In this not having them so much confidence individual has suffered recently while facing the interview. Hai resort located in Hoi an, in Vietnam this is my recent experienced in last year. A call came for an interview even while facing the interview no eye-contact is there also giving the wrong answer to the question asked because of the nervousness and then also clear the interview. In addition to this, the five diagnostic tools revealed the difficulties while facing the interviews is not properly expressing the thoughts or ideas and not having them so much confidence while giving the presentations the result of it turn into the failure. In this by giving the example this problem can be solved out due to not having the confidence is point out in the interview skills checklist reason behind this is no thoughts come out during the interviews due to hurry. Another issue is a problem of communication with other and this problem is solved out by the assertiveness assessments which are known as assertiveness attitude(Hakim, 2016). In this Amiable is not the correct method for controlling the situation no need of rudely. Lack of confidence when communicating others shows the assertiveness attitude such as amicable. Literature Review The most common problem is of effective communication is not having the proper conversation with others persons is due the lack of confidence and also due to language problem, not having ideas to express the thoughts, fear, not having any objectives, nervousness and planning etc. due to these aspects it leads to not having the proper communication skills. In this passive communication, method thoughts are not clearly expressed. In this by using the assertive communication skills can be improved the skills. In this with the help of assertive communication skills can be improved and the individual can easily make the conversations with the parties or with the groups(Kuhnke, 2012). This skill is straightforward while delivering the message. Assertive communication skills method can be used to solve out the issue related to not able to express their ideas and thought while dealing with the parties. The important aspects of the having a good communication are practicing of ideas and thoug hts and make the plans of meetings and also make the plan before the conversation in professional. In this Assertive communication skills is the method which is accepted by the individual and by the others so that proper communications can take place( Northcote, Maria, Gosselin, Kevin P., 2016). This type of attitude is mainly defined as it is open and honest in these peoples easily and with trust can views their thoughts. In this, with the help of this attitude, it can force the people to make a conversation with other and improve the communication while listening. In these skills is very helpful in achieving the objectives with having the improved communication skills. Assertive communication is a process which is defined by the ideas and the thoughts of the members should be clear and make easy to understand by everyone and also clearly defined the message. In this, the conversation should be in good pattern and importance one. The conversation must be fully developed and so that it can easily impress anybody(Kolb, 2014). The quality of interpersonal skills must be meaningful. In this individual have to pay attention that the ideas delivering must be effective full and impress the parties. With the help of skills requirements of the party can be known. In this Interpersonal skills improve only when the communication skills are an effective one. In this relationship can be maintained by using the Interpersonal skills. The best method to make your interpersonal skills more useful by considering that how the other people behave. In addition to this, an individual must have the knowledge of communicating with other people in a proper way this process is known as active listening. In these skills many different skills are explained: -Mentor gives the facility of training to people. -Communications: developed the meaningful ideas for the verbal and non-verbal(Kolb, 2014). -Leadership- Individual has the quality of leadership and having the leadership quality to communicate with others. -Problem-solving: Having the quality of solving the problem such as business and group problem. -Negotiations: Having the agreement when the difference in ideas. -Empathy: In this chance is giving to individual in company, -Teamwork: Work together for achieving the goals. Interpersonal communication is developing day to day the reason behind this is that individual solving their problem of lack of confidence while facing the interviews and presentations and also taking the help of communicators and also improving the skills during communications. In these interpersonal skills, knowledge attracts the audience and it can be dangerous for at a time. In these interpersonal skills is used for cheering the people to understand the process of it(Cicinelli , 2013). The major role is to understand the verbal and non-verbal process so that this helps in improving the presentations and interviews and important is that while giving the presentations must be understandable to parties having the meaningful presentations in front of parties. In this, it has been mention that should have the confidence while having the conversation with the audience and communicators should have the confidence of what message they are giving must be easily understood by the audience(Barker, 2016). Some errors can be observed during the communications like a hesitation is known as the level of anxiety this error occurs during the communication with others. In this communication apprehension method is for the bad communication in the interviews and presentations. This happens because of the level of anxiety. In addition to this, the most important tool is oral presentations it is the toughest process it occurs due to not having the confidence while speaking in front of others as a result of it decrease the efficiency of speaking. Through studying anxiety factor, it can be stated that anxiety occurs when not having the confidence. So the individual must pay attention to developing the confidence and also prepare himself for facing the interviews and presentations. Through communications skills, the requirements of the audience can be analysed and understood and then according to the needs of audience presentations can be presented(Cicinelli , 2013). The role of communicators in communication skill is that they convince, notify, and try to motivate the audience and instruct them by developing the skills. In this, while facing the interviews or presentations, proper preparation must be done and it becomes difficult for building the confidence and also confidence that the message delivery to the audience must be meaningful. In addition to this, sometimes it also becomes tough while doing research on the same company where going for interviews but this factor will become the right point to build the confidence while giving the interviews. In addition to this, it is very important to fight with the anxiety factor. Strategies are required to manage the anxiety k while facing the interviews and presenting the presentations. This factor helps in ensuring and also examining the level of confidence while giving the presentations and the correct message should be delivered to the audience(Hargie, 2016). In addition to this, it is very necessary to read the whole topic very carefully and then also analysis the every point regarding the presentations so by these tactics it helps in building the confidence by this only meaningful message will be delivered during the presentations. In this, the main aspect is to understand the question clearly while giving the interviews and then replied the answer with a fresh mind and with lots of confidence and the answer given must be meaningful and correct(West, 2010). Action Plan In this action plan is used for earning the knowledge in context to communication skills and also to improve the skills. Through this activities communication skills can be improved by undertaking practices such as- short course from recognized institutes, reads the books and article and the mentoring from CQU(Angelo, 2014). Beside this it includes the area which is linked with the measurement activities is also include the action plan. In this report measurement and evaluation complete when the activities are done. In this with the help of measurement for having the improvement in the communication skills some activities will be practiced: Activities Description Time period for completing the activity Measurement of completion Undertaking short courses Short-term courses are the boon for gaining and increasing knowledge. These courses help in sharpening individuals mind, thinking ability etc. By these courses, an individual acquires the perfection in particular field in less time compared to full-time courses provided by the universities( Kurucz, Wheeler, A, 2013). These courses are the important tools for imparting effective skills at less time. Hence the short term courses will be undertaken, through: Australia Institute of Management for effective communication Training Institute Queensland University of Technology`s 2 to 3 months Measurement of the practices which will be carried out to develop the communication skills will be done through a communication assessment test(Cicinelli , 2013). All the achievements during the practices of activities will be carried out through a KWL chart. Reading plan In order to develop the skills of communication- Articles and book will be read. Such as- Improve your communication skills written by Alan Barker in the year 2016. Two to Five months Personal Journal Personal journal will be kept to record the main points learned during the course and by reading the books and articles 2 to 4 month Mentor The communication skills will also be learned through a mentor who is going to be approached through CQU. Support of mentor will help in aligning the professional communication skills with requirements of the corporate world. 1 to 3 month References Kurucz, E. C., Wheeler, D., A, . (2013). Reconstructing Value: Leadership Skills for a Sustainable World. University of Toronto Press. Moss, C., Brookhart, . (2012). Learning Targets. ASCD. Northcote, Maria, Gosselin, Kevin P. (2016). Handbook of Research on Humanizing the Distance Learning Experience. IGI Global. Shultz, G. (2016). Learning from Experience. Hoover Press. . Adair, J. (2013). Develop Your Leadership Skills. Kogan Page Publishers. Angelo, G. (2014). The 7 Effective Communication Skills. Seisnama. Barker, A. (2016). Improve Your Communication Skills. Kogan Page Publishers. Cenere, P., Gill, R. (2015). Communication Skills for Business Professionals. Cambridge University Press. Cicinelli , A. (2013). Communication Styles. Academic achievement. Davies, S. (2014). Johari's Window. Silverwood Books Limited. Goldberg, D. (2014). People-Centric Skills. John Wiley Sons. Hakim, Y. E. (2016). The Importance of Engagement in the Learning Experience. Retrieved 2017, from https://www.citethisforme.com/blog/2016/02/01/the-importance-of-engagement-in-the-learning-experience Hargie, O. (2016). Skilled Interpersonal Communication. Taylor Francis. Kolb, D. A. (2014). Experiential Learning. FT Press. Kuhnke, E. (2012). Communication Skills For Dummies. John Wiley Sons. O'Toole, G. (2016). Communication - eBook. Elsevier Health Sciences. Roongpiti, J. (2010). Motivation Theories. Faculty of Journalism and Mass Communication. Russell, J., Cohn, R. (2012). Johari Window. Book on Diamond. Solomon, D. (2012). Interpersonal Communication. Routledge. West, R. (2010). Understanding Interpersonal Communication. Cengage Learning.

Sports And Agression Essay Example For Students

Sports And Agression Essay Sports and AggressionA Research PaperPresented to at In Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements forEnglish 12AByPeriod 1March 27, 2000Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person ( 2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression. Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes participating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. We will write a custom essay on Sports And Agression specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today’s society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so called discipline, patterns develops these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms, are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a strategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it’s not aggression or violence, it’s just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn’t even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugby, wrestling, and boxing. Contrary to predictions of instinct theory, several studies show that contact sports exist and thrive in the same societies that have high rates of aggression and violence. Unfortunately, another belief is that contact sports teach discipline, self-respect, and self-defense. (8. May ) Contact sports aren’t a positive way to teach these things. Being physically tough helps, but it also needs to be left on the field when the game is over. This can also lead to the abuse of family, girlfriends, boyfriends, friends, and any other person who gets in their â€Å"way†, because athletes use these sports as a way to get their aggression and angers out. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam ) Other’s might argue that it’s skill, and not in the least way violent. Although we really can’t give a straight and to the point answer to the question â€Å"Is aggression an Instinct?† We can say that in man, as in other animals, there exists a physiological mechanism, when stimulated, it rises both subjective feelings of anger and to physical changes, which relate to fighting. This is easily set off, and like other emotional responses, it is very stereotyped, and instinctive. Just like one person is like a very angry person; they resemble one another at the psychological level. The way in which humans adapt to and control their feelings of rage. ( 5. Toch) The mechanisms in which these body changes, the functions that come about is still completely misunderstood. ( 5. Toch) Experiments from animal’s show that it appears that there is a small area from the base of the brain in which the feeling of anger starts. This, from which is sent to the nervous impulses that cause the blood pressure to rise. This area is called the hypothalamus. Its function is to coordinate responses like anger. ( 3 Diamond) The relationship between anger, rage, and violence, and psychopathology that is abnormal, or unnatural in human behavior and experience. People demonstrate their anger reactions in different ways. Similar to most human behavior, violence has a meaning that it only seems â€Å"senseless† or â€Å"meaningless† to the extent that we are unable to understand it. Most violence starts the fiery human emotions of anger and rage. Not all violent behavior has its origins in anger and rage; some of it is learned, as mentioned before. Some violence is driven primarily by as Friedrich Nietzsche referred as â€Å"the will to power†. In other words, rage. ( 3. Diamond) Rage is an instinctual and defensive reaction to severe stress, or physical threat. This is an automatic reflex that people share with animals. This response to serious threat is referred to by Walter Cannon as the â€Å"fight or flight† response. .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .postImageUrl , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:visited , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:active { border:0!important; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:active , .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717 .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueabd4fe9b5c84ec1d7df236909279717:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overview And History Of Lambada Dance Art Essay It’s the first defense for the survival of the species. Any other threat to the continued physical existence, a person would have the instinct to try to leave, or if they can’t, then physically defend them by attacking the source of the threat. ( 7 . Hawkins, Fredman ) Relating to the fact that men are more aggressive than women are, studies shown in several cases those testosterone levels in young men especially are. The high levels of endogenous testosterone seem to encourage behavior apparently intended to dominate, to enhance one’s status over other people. ( 9. Montague) Sometimes aggressive behavior is aggressive, it’s apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Measurement of testosterone at a single point in time presumably indicator of a man’s basal testosterone level, predicts many of these dominant behaviors. Numerous animal experiments, this one particular to rodents, show that raising testosterone increases aggressiveness. This is in relation to the dominance and antisocial behavior related to the individuals. An individual can be said to act dominantly if it’s apparent intent is to achieve or maintain high status, to obtain power influence, or valued prerogatives. Rodents do typically dominate aggressively, but it isn’t true of humans. Much of interpersonal behavior is overtly or subtly concerned with managing dominance and subordination without causing physical harm. It is harder to identify instances of aggression of a dominating motives, things related to religious sacrifices. It is understood that motivations are different from different situations for dominance and aggression. ( 1. Felson, Tedeschi) Clinical science assumes that all men are capable of bloody destructiveness. It maintains that image with most people who do away with their hatreds and, and although There are some instances where this effort fails. Some people are so shy about their aggressiveness that when they are provoked in the least little way, they become so violent that they are unbearable. Even a slight review of violent conduct suggests that violence isn’t blind, and random. Members of fighting gangs are frequently nonviolent when separated from their members. Many extremely dangerous people seem to specialize in certain areas of victims. This is in relation to taking the aggressiveness off the field. There is sometimes a relationship between being violent and being socially improper. Violence usually takes place in certain circles, certain settings, and on certain occasions. If violence is really blind and random, it’s hard to understand why we should find so much in specific situations. Does a man assault his wife rather than the athlete who messed up simply because she’s available? Violence can’t be associated with angry explosions. There is shape and form to violence. Patterns of destructiveness show consistently, and they relay from person to person. As for each of us, violence seems to be tied to a restricted range of life situations. It seems to reflect purpose, and implies the presence of hidden meanings. So, how do we satisfy it? How is it provoked? How do violent people function? (4. Stepansky) The level of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream may affect dominating or aggressive behavior by activating receptors in organs or the nervous system. Focusing on young males who have passed through puberty. There are associated reports that show a relatively high level of testosterone with dominant, aggressive, or antisocial actors including several studies of men in jail. The scientists found that no significant testosterone difference between those who fought in prison, and those who did not, between the ages of 18 to 35. However, prisoners with a prior record of violence and aggression related crimes, they had a significantly higher testosterone level than those without a history. In the age group of 18to 45, sorted into the same groups, those with chronic aggressive behavior, those socially dominant without physical aggressiveness, and those who were neither aggressive or dominant, their testosterone levels were not significantly different between the aggressive and dominant groups, but they also had significantly higher testosterone than the group that was either aggressive or dominant. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) A similar study was tested on college hockey players. ( 1. Felson , Tedeschi) They studied 14 male college players ages 18 to 23, and found a significant correlation between testosterone and coach ratings of player’s aggressiveness in respond to threat. Another study was done on four male physicians. Ranging from ages to 23 to 38, they were confined on a boat for a two week holidaycruise. The testosterone level to be correlated with the physician’s assertiveness and dominant behavior, as ranked by three women on the boat. Overall, there is considerable evidence from a variety of settings that in men, circulating testosterone is correlated with dominant or aggressive behavior, and antisocial norm breaking. Correlation doesn’t imply any reason, and the question is still being pondered, â€Å"Is high testosterone a cause of dominant and antisocial behavior?† ( 9. Montague) There has also been argument whether or not that women can be as aggressive and dominant as men. Despite considerable speculation that testosterone is associated with aggression or status in women, the literature is few and far between. Scientists report that testosterone levels in 55 women increased the status of their occupations. Another study was done with women who were patients in a neurological clinic, found significantly higher testosterone levels among relatively aggressive patients compared to less aggressive ones, but they also differed in diagnois, and making the comparison suspect. ( 5. .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .postImageUrl , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:visited , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:active { border:0!important; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:active , .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57835c282f010961b0a292ac98ba887f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Anthropology Essay Toch) The issue of sex differences has been addressed by asking how men and women respond to an identical competitive situation. Testosterone was given by saliva to young men and women before, during, and after competing with a same sex partner in a video game. The hormonal response to the competition was different in each sex. Males showed the usual pre – contest rise in testosterone, but females did not. Males did not show the usual result that testosterone levels of winners is higher than that of losers, apparently because the video game produced no mood difference between male winners and losers. A mood difference was produced between female winners and losers, but the female showed no specific response to the competition. These results show that the outcome of the competition on testosterone specific to men. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) From laboratory results and athletic studies, the testosterone level rises in men awaiting a contest, regardless of the eventual outcome contest. Generalizing to the street, hormone levels should be elevated in young men who are constantly against assaults on their reputations. Of course, testosterone level is also affected by the outcome of the contest, so persistent losers might be hormonally depressed, but most men, those with mixed outcome or better, should have elevated testosterone level. ( 3. Diamond) Leaving behind the historic roots of the South, there may be a general hypersensitivity to insult in any subculture that is, or once was organized around young men who are constantly constrained by traditional community agents of social control, as after occurs in frontier countries, gangs, among bohemians, and after social breakdown or natural diseases. When young men place special emphasis on protecting their images and reputations, and they are not restrained from doing so, dominance contests become necessary, the hallmark of male to male interaction. ( 5. Toch) To interpret racial differences in testosterone, a comparison of black and white boys ages 6 to 18 years, mostly preteens, showed no significant race different in testosterone. By adulthood, black males do have significantly higher testosterone levels than white males, possibly reflecting the higher defensive demands on black men during adulthood. ( 10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) The reciprocal linkage between hormones and behavior suggests that if testosterone levels among young men in the inner city are highlighted by their constant defensive posture against challenge and these high hormone levels in turn encourage further dominance contests. Feedback between challenge and testosterone may create a various circle, sometimes with lethal effects. (7. Hawkins, Fredman) During puberty, the effects of testosterone on behavior appear to work primarily through long term reorganizations of the body and neurohormanal system, and only secondary through short term activation. By the end of puberty, usually around 16 years, the body is nearly at it’s adult form so behavior is affected primarily by the level of testosterone circulating in the blood stream, which can activate steroid receptors. (10. Hauser, Powers, Noam) There is a string correlation and experimental evidence that testosterone levels respond in predictable ways both before and after competitions for status. First, testosterone rises shortly before a competitive event, as if anticipating the challenge. Second, after the conclusion of competition, testosterone levels in winners rises relative to that of losers. Testosterone also rises after status evaluations, and it falls after status demotions, These effects require the presence of appropriate mood changes. Limited evidence suggests that this pattern of testosterone responses is specific to men. ( 4. Stepansky) As these studies have suggested, aggression in sport is there, but the men mainly showcase it. Aggressive people are attracted to contact violent sport competitions, to where they can fit in while being violent. On the other hand, sports can create aggressive behaviors that could lead to worse things. Women can and will showcase this, but as said before, men show a stronger case of it. Things of this nature have been going on for centuries, every since the beginning of sport, unfortunately, if these behaviors aren’t controlled, the young children might be the ones to suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. 1977 5. Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6. Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 19681. Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2. Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3. Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4. A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 7. The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8. Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9. Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10. Adolescents and their Families , Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991 Sports and Games Essays

10 Evaluation Essay Topics on Medical Ethics

10 Evaluation Essay Topics on Medical Ethics Medical ethics is an important issue that arises more often and more controversial with progression of human history. If you are writing a medical ethics evaluation essay, consider the ten facts below: Palliative care in a medical facility can result in critical ethical matters the physician must consider. A patient is legally allowed to refuse treatments which will sustain their life, even if that refusal leads to their death. Here, the patient has to be able to understand all of the options at hand, as well as the risks and benefits to all options. The patient must also be able to rationalize and name the treatment they have selected. There are three elements to educated refusal as well as consent to treatment where practitioners can sustain life and that is if the freedom of the patient is coerced, if the patient does not have the ability to make an informed decision, or if the conveying of the information to the patient is not possible. Each nurse is held to different ethical standards in their practice. ADN nurses are tasked with communicating and collaborating with patients as well as their families. They must also work with the medical team to plan, deliver, and coordinate the patient-centered care for all of the assigned patients. RN’s with an ADN must participate as an advocate for the activities that would improve the lives of their patients and help to identify the needs of patients and refer them to the resources that might offer better care after they leave the hospital. It is part of the job of the RN’s with an ADN to ensure complete confidentiality for the patients. They are required in this instance to communicate and collaborate with all members of the health care team assigned to this man’s care in a collective effort to ensure optimal health. The RN’s with an ADN would have to use any supporting technology needed to communicate the patient’s situation and what care i s necessary while also assigning the appropriate nursing care and supervising the nurse responsible. Different medical practitioners rely upon different theories of practice in order to make sure they are acting in an ethical fashion at all times. The â€Å"need theory† emphasizes the importance of increasing the independence of patients in order to promote continued healing after their hospitalization. It was this â€Å"need theory† which was the first distinction made between medicine and nursing. The unique function of nurses was to assist a patient in whatever activities contributed to health or recovery. Nurses give patients, in this context, the strength, the knowledge, or the will to perform such basic tasks unaided. This idea really emphasizes getting into the mind of the patient to help them better heal physically. The Henderson nursing theory stated that the patient required assistance in order to achieve health, regain their independence, or have a peaceful death. The patient and their families needed to be viewed as a single unit, and it was important for nurses to know that the body and mind were inseparable and they needed to be treated as such. She emphasized how the quality of mental health would allow an individual to heal more rapidly (Henderson, 1966). She went on to state that patients wanted to learn, discover, and satisfy their natural curiosity so that they can better develop their health, something that is emphasized in the BSN program. As a nurse, applying Henderson’s â€Å"need theory† requires first assessing the basic needs of the individual. Then a nurse must identify the ability of the individual to meet their needs with or without help, taking into account their knowledge, their will, or their strength. They must then document how best to assist the individual. Implementing of treatment prescribed by a physician should be done by taking into account what activities need to be achieved in order to recover from an illness, maintain health, or aid in a peaceful death. The implementation as a nurse should be based on emotional balance, age, cultural background, physical capacities, or emotional capacities. An evaluation should be done to determine the speed with which a patient can perform tasks or the degree to which a patient can perform tasks in an independent fashion, such that they can eventually meet their goals for recovery or a peaceful death (Henderson, 1997). When working with different cultures, it is important for medical practitioners to communicate with parents, and to take certain beliefs into consideration of the parents in the cause and treatment of disease. In Hmong culture parents are open to discussing the name of the problem, as well as what they considered to be the cause. They believed they knew at what point the problem started, but their answer is not necessarily a medical one which Western doctors are trained to address. The parents obviously respect the roles of healers and those roles were highly sacred, which is why they assumed that the doctor would have the solution or the treatment for the problem, and in asking the questions the doctor was obviously open to improving his education of the Hmong medicinal ways so as to afford better treatment that would best bridge the two worlds. However, many Hmong believe that doctors should just know the answers themselves if one is a a good doctor he/she will know without having to speak with the parents. In western medicine there is an ethical dilemma with regard to cultural sensitivity such that there exists exploitation of the natural birthing periods for women, something which Western society today would view as backward because it is not legal. However, the high birth rates, and high birth rates in hospitals can be problematic for Western medical practitioners when working with Hmong people for example. It can be particularly shocking that contraceptives would not be used, especially among the converts, or that no matter the changes in their environment or where they were living, they would stick to their traditional roles of early marriage and multiple children. It is imperative for those whose responsibilities involve children, health or social care matters to fully understand the true meaning of ethical care and the right way to implement such concept in their daily roles and work responsibilities. To put it simply, ethical care is actually a responsibility that is governed by law that requires any individual to at all times upheld the standards of reasonable care when they are carrying out their duties that have the possibilities of hurting others. In this relation, such individual must be sure to check that the internal and external surroundings are safe before commencing any morning sessions. Implementing a cleaning roster is one way to make sure that the gathering conducted in a clean environment. Everyone is familiar with the phrase Do not judge a book by its cover. As a society, we pay lip service to the idea that it is wrong to judge people by the way they look. However, this idea becomes this idea is becoming increasingly important in the medical workplace. In private, a person may - rightly or wrongly - make all the judgments he wants and hold whatever opinions he chooses. In a work environment, however, that same person represents the adult social care organization for which he works. It is nowadays vital that a healthcare organization would be viewed as operating ethically. If a medical organization were to acquire a reputation as being unethical, it would have terrible effects on that adult social care organization’s ability to do medical care. Customers, after all, tend to prefer to work companies they like and feel they can trust. A reputation for solid ethics, then, is vital to a medical organization’s bottom line. We hope that these facts will make your writing easier. Use them along with our list of 20 sample topics and a guide on evaluative essay writing. References: Fadiman, Anne.  The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. Print. Finn, Jeffrey and Eliot Marshall.  Medical Ethics. New York: Chelsea HousePublishers, 1990. Print. Häring, Bernhard.  Medical Ethics. Print. Henningfeld, Diane Andrews.  Medical Ethics. Detroit, Mich.: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Print. Henderson, V. (1961). Basic principles of nursing care. London: [International Council of Nurses]. Henderson, V. (1966). The nature of nursing; a definition and its implications for practice, research, and education. New York: Macmillan. Henderson, V. (1997). Basic principles of nursing care (Rev. 1997. ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Council of Nurses.

Chemistry of hazardous materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Chemistry of hazardous materials - Essay Example The sooner the explosive is named, the quicker a response team can put together a plan of action. Explosives are classified by DOT (2012): Explosives must have a driver that is physically and mentally fit to understand all local, state, and federal laws regulating explosive transport. The Department of Labor (2012) explains that no smoking or weapons can be carried on their transport. Metal should be covered so no spark occurs. These transports should not be left alone. Like other hazardous materials, explosive transports shall be clearly marked as such. Finally, the Department of Labor (2012) requires a working fire extinguisher that drivers are trained to use in the transports. Explosives are different from other hazardous materials due to the mass destruction caused. For example, an explosion can destroy a road, railway, or ship and everything in the vicinity. A toxic gas leak can lead to evacuations, but can be cleaned up with little or no life loss. The property damage is less as well. Once something explodes it cannot be taken back. It damages, kills, and can potentially lead to other explosions. These are a few reasons explosions are different from other hazardous

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 64

History - Essay Example A powerful and epic movie, stuffed with splendidly colorful anecdotes that the medieval age can supply. The director departs radically from tradition and vividly exposes Muslim motivations and strategies. The movie gives both Christians and Muslims perspective on the holy war. The movie offers piercing insight while it exposes the full horror, barbaric grandeur and passion of the crusading era. Thomas Asbridge uncovers aspects that drove Christians and Muslims to uphold the ideals of crusade and Jihad. The movie also reveals how wars reshaped the old era and why they continue to influence world activities to this day. The movie contains the strange history of the Papacy from two thousand years ago up to the time in power of Pope John Paul II. The fascinating movie would interest anyone willing to comprehend the account of the Catholic Church and the political, cultural and ideological forces that have shaped the current world. The movie also contains an introduction to modern civilization and how it was influenced by the church. The director demonstrates the papal roll of respect and disrespect and carefully re-creates the social, economic and political background to various

Evaluation of tasks conducted at work placement Essay

Evaluation of tasks conducted at work placement - Essay Example Such meetings involved discussions on eating habits, exercise period, etc, which allowed the team to understand the condition of athlete in a better manner. It was an observation that athletes’ flexibility training was another key indicator in allowing the team to keep the athletes away from any injury throughout the season, and more the athletes involved themselves in the training, the more they avoided any muscular fatigue or soreness. In addition, analysis indicated that honesty was one of the major factors that played a vital role in monitoring them and managing the database, and I am glad that the players were very truthful and cooperative in submitting their information on weekly basis. Another important phase of the task was to record the data on weekly basis and monitor the RPE training loads of the athletes. The database required submission of every information regarding the athlete, which would result in their weekly rating after various calculations. Such rating helped the department in preparing rating chart of the whole team for every week, as well as the group average, which enabled us to issue a red flag to players in case of their higher rating on consistent basis. In brief, higher RPE rating of players was an indication of lack of energy, lower performance, chances of any injury, etc. Such monitoring enabled us to keep in contact with the players, and discuss with them any reasons of possible injury. In addition, it allowed the department to collaborate with the medical department to formulate a plan to ensure optimum level of fitness of the players. Moreover, this weekly process included competition of players with each other based on the coach’s ratings where the player with eight would be the lowest scorer, and ‘thirty-two’ would be the best scorer. Subsequently, both coach’s and RPE’s ratings were

Is Street Art a Legitimate Art Form?

Is Street Art a Legitimate Art Form? Street art originated in the late 1960s with the advent of graffiti and tagging in Philadelphia and New York City (Walsh, 1996: 3). It has been developing ever since as new styles, forms and techniques are created and utilised by street artists (Walsh, 1996: 12). But street art is not generally viewed as art worthy of the status of works in a gallery or a museum, although as Walsh says, it is not strictly denied the status of genuine art because it utilises various aesthetic elements (1996). However, street art is often seen as radical or unconventional because of its location on walls and doors, on train carriages and in tunnels (Cooper et al, 1984: 15). These public spaces provide blank canvases for street artists, yet using them means that street art is almost always illegal viewed as a form of vandalism (Cooper et al, 1984; Chaflant and Prigoff, 1987: 42). While more legal spaces for street art have opened in recent years, there still remains the question: is it really art? In this paper I would like to explore this idea by making reference both to the history of graffiti and street art, the (il)legalities surrounding it, the ideas expressed through it and the ways in which the aesthetics created by some street artists make their work undeniably art. Street art as vandalism Id like to explore some of the oppositions to street art, to understand why street artists are vilified and their work denied the status of art. Walsh argues that the only reason why this occurs is because of the location of street art (1996: 2-3). He strongly believes that street art cannot be disregarded as a criminal act simply because it is not presented in a conventional manner, that is, framed and placed in a museum or gallery (1996: 3). I agree with Walsh, and believe that while street art may be unsolicited, and sometimes termed vandalism, that this does not meant it is not art. Nonetheless, the illegality of street art has stood in the way of it becoming recognised as a legitimate art form. As Ferrell explains, there are an impressive array of control technologies and techniques aligned against [street art], including a sort of public surveillance of street artists by concerned citizens who have been led to believe that street art is criminal (2004: 35). Ferrell cites exampl es from the United States in which antigraffiti campaigners have proposed punishments for street artists, including: a bill requiring that kids convicted of writing graffiti be publicly paddled à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ public caning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ suggestions of lopping of hands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and publicly spray-painting [street artists] genitals (2004: 36). Understanding these angry sentiments means understanding why street artists are vilified. This also means recognising the terms street art and graffiti as having two different connotations. Street art has in recent years been seen as something with intrinsic value, with artist Banksy earning large sums of money for his wall stencils, and street art in Melbourne, for example, being recognised as part of the citys heritage and culture. However the term graffiti is still linked to the notion of criminal behaviour, and anti-graffiti organisations such as Removal of Graffiti Everywhere (RAGE) are committed to making street art in all forms illegal. Both Walsh and Ferrell argue that graffitis negative associations are due to its links with tagging, a style of graffiti done very fast, within a few seconds with the aim that his or her tag be seen by as many people as possible (Walsh, 1996: 12). But Cooper et al argue that tagging is in a different category to other forms of graffiti because it does not have the same aesthetic qualities (1984: 15). It is, in their words scribble (1984: 15). Here therefore I would like to make a distinction between graffiti as street art and graffiti as tagging. I agree with Cooper et al (1984) that tagging does not hold the same aesthetic or expressive qualities as other forms of street art such as stencilling or graffiti murals. But what I find interesting about tagging is the fact that it involves anonymity and an alias which gives the writer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a new identity (Walsh, 1996: 12). This idea I would like to explore further with reference to street arts illegality. Anonymity, resistance and historic significance Like taggers, acclaimed stencil artist Banksy does not reveal his identity to the public. This reinforces the idea that there is something even about his widely celebrated form of street art that is illicit. Similar is Melbourne street artist Deb, who goes only by nickname and is hard to track down to a name or place. In fact many street artists use either aliases or nicknames that ensure them privacy and no attention from lawmakers. The anonymity of street artists once again goes back to the beginnings of graffiti writing in the 1960s, when gang members and other individuals graffitied and tagged urban spaces as a means of self-expression. Walsh argues that the monikers adopted by graffiti artists at the time worked both to allow the individual to remain anonymous, but also to provide him or her with a means to express outrage and resistance through a persona (1996: 122). Ferrell agrees with Walshs idea that street art is a form of resistance, stating that such artists employ partic ular forms of graffiti as a means of resisting particular constellations of legal, political, and religious authority (2004: 34). I would like to consider the idea of street art as resistance as the first part of my argument for street art as a valid artform. As a form of self expression, street art is a creative method of communicating with the general public, in a forum much more open than an art gallery. Street art communicates the artists identity and his or her ideas, and because it is visual, it appeals to people regardless of their cultural, lingual, or racial differences (Cooper and Chalfant, 1984: 66-67). Walsh notes that street artists see their art as a rebellion against a repressive political and economic order: against established art markets or gallery systems, against Western ideas of capitalism and against ideas about private property (1996: 47). What comes out of Walshs analysis is that street artists are doing what all other great art movements have done before them rebelling against established ideas and mores about what art should be, and using the power of self-expression to appeal to cert ain audiences. In this way, street artists can be compared to groups such as the Fauves, the Futurists or the Impressionists, breaking from tradition and forging new ground in the world of art. According to Walsh, such aspects of street art make it important as an art form not only for its rebellion against art traditions, but those of politics and the state (1996: 49-50). This also fits into Camnitzers argument that art should be recognised as a universal set of skills and values within which everybody has freedom of expression, showing how art as a form of resistance works: to perturb society and achieve results similar to those of political actions. But distinct from political actions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ art should shape culture on a deeper level and have a more long-lasting impact (1994: 38). Arguably, street art works to shape culture through resistance and rebellion while also influencing and perturbing society because of its ability to straddle the line between vandalism and art. Because street art is unique both due to its location and often its themes, it has the potential to influence the viewer and create change. As Williamson argues, it is the resistive power of street art that makes it important because it allows for the expression of ideas outside hegemonic norms (2004). She gives the example of street art in South Africa during apartheid which was the means for individuals to speak out against oppression, thus showing that popular culture resistance has a vital role in the life of the community and the struggle for freedom (2004: 8) Following Spitz I would also argue that street art is important as an art form because it represents history through its acts of resistance (1991: 17). As Ferrell discusses, the fact that places like the Berlin Wall were decorated with images representing hope and freedom, and graffiti that denounced the separation of East and West Germany shows just how much street art can act as a symbol of the times (2004: 34). This makes me think of works such as Goyas Guernica a mural not unlike some of those on the Berlin Wall, that shows the horrors of war and suffering. If we are to think about street art as representative of such historic and often horrific moments, then it is hard to denounce it as vandalism. Aesthetics of street art While I have argued that the expressive, resistive qualities of street art are undeniable, analysing the aesthetic qualities also show that street art is a viable artform. The production of street art requires established techniques and styles, most particularly in the use of spraypaint. Spraypaint is used in various ways for different artistic effects. As Walsh explains, street art developed over the years from tagging to established graffiti practices such as wildstyle, an integral, flowing piece of art (1996: 61). In more recent years the advent of stencilling has introduced a new technique into street art which requires artists to learn different effective ways of expressing their ideas (Melbourne Street Art, 2010). The techniques learnt add to the aesthetic qualities of street art and therefore show how image is linked to insight, which Spitz argues is of central significance to considering something art (2004). This is because emotional and intellectual responses to art cause a transfer of meaning between the artists intentions and the image he or she produces (1991: 2). The completion of street art involves imagination, planning, and effort, and is therefore similar to the execution of a more traditional form of art like a painting. The street artists must first do a sketch, then plan out characters and select colours. Next, the artist selects the surface on which her or she will work and creates a preliminary outline. If it is a stencil, the artist will draw the outline onto thick film and cut it out. Colours and ornamentation can then be applied using spray paint. Walsh argues that the completed product can be analysed according to the elements of aesthetic style: line, colour, composition, balance, tine and harmony (1996: 81-86). The structures and characters in the work can be read as a narrative, and the artists intentions communicated to the viewer (Walsh, 1996: 86). I would also argue that street art also improves areas that would otherwise be considered ugly, like abandoned buildings or industrial areas. One only needs to look at all of the street art in Melbournes colourful lanes to see how a place that could otherwise be an eyesore is made beautiful through street art. The impermanence of street art It is interesting to consider Walshs ideas about the impermanence of street art as a unique artistic factor. He argues that because of its quick removal from surfaces by councils and other clean up services that street art needs to be appreciated as fleeting, especially as: A piece which might be sixty feet long, twelve feet high, and take twenty to thirty cans of paint and at least eight hours to produce might be gone in a matter of minutes (1996: 108). In that sense, it is understandable why galleries such as Sydneys May Lane and Melbournes Graffiti Management Plan work to protect street art from being obliterated. May Lane provides removable outdoor panels on which street artists can work, and which are stored for later exhibition, while the Graffiti Management Plan works to protect laneway graffiti. Although they failed in April 2010 by accidentally painting over a Banksy work in Hosier Lane, the Graffiti Management Plan protected another Banksy work by placing it under perspex to remain forever as a street artwork. And as more and more tourists flock to Melbourne specifically to see street art, the lanes of Melbourne are taking on the form of outdoor galleries perhaps not that unlike traditional exhibition spaces, yet more public and therefore accessible. Conclusion In this paper I have argued that street art in both stencil and graffiti forms should be considered viable forms of art. I have shown that while the location of these works might make them unconventional, and indeed deemed vandalism in many cases, that they are nevertheless important both as an expression of individual identity and as a mode of resistance. Like all art, they act to reflect the artists ideas and the historical period in which he or she lived. They provide a break from tradition and they inspire the viewer, while also being aesthetically pleasing. While I differentiate some forms of street art from others, and show that tagging is perhaps less likely to be considered art than stencilling or mural graffiti, I believe that street art generally should be recognised as an important part of our society and an expression of culture and heritage.